Lesson 4: Applying Construction to Insects and Arachnids

12:47 PM, Saturday April 10th 2021

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I wasn't too happy with my sausages so I did a few pages of practice ones after drawing these, to make sure I had a better grasp of them before trying the demos.

The Wasp Demo I think went well but the wings I badly proportioned. The wing detail also wasn't that great so I did a bit of work and think I did a better job on the bumble bee I drew later on.

I think the Louse Demo went okay, but I drew one of the foundational markings at a funny angle. However, I continued with the drawing as I had made the mark and these are meant to be a collection of our first attempts so I stuck to its wonky shape and finished it as best as I could.

I am very pleased with how my Scorpion Demo turned out. Its obviously not close to the posted version but as a beginner artist's first attempt it shouldn't be, but I think it was a good attempt. I added a bit of extra detail as I noticed from the reference image that certain areas were visibly hairy and my back leg was a bit disproportionately long.

With the Black Widow Demo, again one of my foundational forms was wonky which had a fairly big impact on this particular demo as the shape of the abdomen is iconic and the silhouette may still be recognisable as a spider but not as a Black Widow. I think the legs were fairly well spaced out (including the other side) but I struggled to find a good reference for the face and as such it does not look that great.

The House Fly Demo, my fly could do with being a bit rounder to better match House Fly body types but on the whole I think it went well.

I ended up doing 6 drawings without demos, bringing the total to 11 which is 1 over the recommended 10. One of these was a top down pure construction of a spider (I wanted redemption), as such I did not give it cast shadows or extra detail so I wasn't sure if it qualified so I have drew another just to be sure.

I am very happy with my Bumble Bee. I used hair texture and made it thicker closer to the edges, as I observed that they are iconically fuzzy and when the different colours of hairy stripes change there is a new flow of hair direction so I tried to emulate that using this method. As mentioned prior, I tried to do a better job with the wing detail using cast shadows to indicate the "veins", making them thicker at points where they split up. This was less well done on the back wing so I will keep an eye on that in future.

Whilst looking for inspiration to draw another Insect I came across the Dragon Headed Caterpillar and thought, I have to draw this! I drew the head at a bit of a funny angle trying to show it facing the viewer a bit more despite not finding a reference for this, but I remembered we are meant to be brave and try different things. It didn't go too badly but I will need to work on drawing from reference a few times first before trying to make my own poses as I think that will give me a good basis for visualisation.

I think my Lady Bug went well. I didn't realised they were so skinny under the massive shells, so I have found out a lot of interesting things whilst looking into insect anatomy which is an added plus! I added the spots to make it a bit more recognisable from your average beetle shaped bug and drew it both with its wings in and its wings spread ready for flight.

My Tarantula was my second attempt at arachnids as I wanted to do a better job than my Black Widow and I think I succeeded. The legs weren't all the same proportions so thats something I need to focus on in future but the shape of the main body and the spread of the legs looked close to the references and I think I did a good job of making the abdomen look like it is angled upwards.

Another Insect that inspired me to draw it was the Praying Mantis. I think I did an okay job and I used the hatch shading technique from the House Fly Demo to flatten the back legs into the background which I think worked quite well. However, I can't help but feel I am missing something, it doesn't feel quite right but I am not sure what is off.

Finally, I wanted to attempt a Butterfly. I thought this would be quite the challenge without texture as its colours and patterns are very iconic so I thought this would be perfect to end on. The Butterfly in question was a Monarch Butterfly. I think the proportions were fairly good, however I didn't know if drawing the antennae and proboscis as lines would be classed as "cheating" or simply wrong. In this particular circumstance I decided to do so as making them tubes would have caused them to be much larger than they should be but in future I will try to draw the whole Butterfly bigger if so that I can better stick to the construction where possible.

Sorry for the long message, I just thought that if you have an idea of how I feel about each drawing and the ideas I had behind certain decisions it would make it easier to assess and critique as you can point out if I am on the right lines or if I have misconceptions about the goals of the course etc.

Thanks again!

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10:30 PM, Monday April 12th 2021

For the sake of full transparency, my teaching assistants and I generally try to ignore self-critique from students, for two reasons:

  • Firstly, the drawings in your homework provide us with all the information we need to identify what you understand, what you may have forgotten, or what you may not fully grasp just yet.

  • The information gleaned from the drawings can sometimes conflict with what the student themselves asserts or believes, and so we want to avoid any situation where we may be influenced by a student's own observations/thoughts.

So, in the future, feel free to voice any questions you have, but do not invest time in providing your own analysis - if only to ensure that I don't miss questions because I'm trying to avoid contamination (and to that point, I apologize in advance if you have any questions in there, because I will not have seen them).

Starting with your organic forms with contour lines, one thing that stands out considerably is that you're not adhering to the characteristics of simple sausages as outlined in the instructions for this exercise. In the future, be sure to go back and reread the instructions for the exercises periodically. Of course, you're expected to be practicing the previous exercises as part of your regular warmup routine, but we can sometimes forget elements of how those exercises are meant to be performed, so periodically reviewing those instructions will help us avoid practicing the wrong things.

The contour lines themselves are drawn fairly well - a bit more room for improvement on getting them to fit snugly within the bounds of the sausages, but you are drawing them with confidence and maintaining smooth, even curvature. Just watch the degree of your contour lines - right now they're mostly drawn with roughly the same degree. The degree should instead be shifting wider as we slide away from the viewer, along the length of the sausage. While this is addressed in a few places throughout the course, I most recently added a fairly thorough explanation as to why this is into the newly updated ellipses video for lesson 1.

Continuing onto your insect constructions, in a lot of these I can see key signs that you are progressing in the development of your understanding of 3D space. There are however several cases - some more overt, others more general and minor - in which you actually end up undermining the illusion that what we're looking at is a three dimensional object, rather than a drawing on a flat page.

Because we're drawing on a flat piece of paper, we have a lot of freedom to make whatever marks we choose - it just so happens that the majority of those marks will contradict the illusion you're trying to create and remind the viewer that they're just looking at a series of lines on a flat piece of paper. In order to avoid this and stick only to the marks that reinforce the illusion we're creating, we can force ourselves to adhere to certain rules as we build up our constructions. Rules that respect the solidity of our construction.

For example - once you've put a form down on the page, do not attempt to alter its silhouette. Its silhouette is just a shape on the page which represents the form we're drawing, but its connection to that form is entirely based on its current shape. If you change that shape, you won't alter the form it represents - you'll just break the connection, leaving yourself with a flat shape. We can see this most easily in this example of what happens when we cut back into the silhouette of a form.

I can see you doing this in quite a few places throughout your drawings. There are some specific cases, like the leg segments on this fly. Here you started out with the segment you drew more faintly, but then when you decided to "commit" to your lines, you redrew it, altering the shape, and functionally producing two 3D forms occupying the same space, but attempting to ignore one another. We can see a similar situation (actually much more notable - I should have picked this one before zeroing in on the fly, but oh well) with this caterpillar's head.

This also occurs in your general use of line weight. Remember that line weight is a tool, intended to help clarify specific overlaps between forms in localized areas. When we attempt to trace back over the entire silhouette of a form, we pretty much guarantee that we're going to end up altering the silhouette. Instead, keep your line weight limited in scope, and blend it back into the original linework by drawing your marks confidently, so they taper as shown here.

Instead, whenever we want to build upon our construction or change something, we can do so by introducing new 3D forms to the structure, and by establishing how those forms either connect or relate to what's already present in our 3D scene. We can do this either by defining the intersection between them with contour lines (like in lesson 2's form intersections exercise), or by wrapping the silhouette of the new form around the existing structure as shown here.

You can see this in practice in this beetle horn demo, as well as in this ant head demo.

This is all part of accepting that everything we draw is 3D, and therefore needs to be treated as such in order for the viewer to believe in that lie.

Moving on, I can definitely see ample cases where you're trying to use the sausage method, and you employ it pretty well, sticking to a lot of the core principles of the technique. Just keep working on maintaining the characteristics of simple sausages, as it can be quite difficult, but it is important. Simplicity of a form makes it easier to have that form read as 3D, with as little additional intervention as possible.

That said, the use of the sausage method doesn't really stop there. I noticed that you capture a lot of your insects' legs as a basic sausage chain, and then leave it as-is. The key to keep in mind here is that the sausage method is not about capturing the legs precisely as they are - it is about laying in a base structure or armature that captures both the solidity and the gestural flow of a limb in equal measure, where the majority of other techniques lean too far to one side, either looking solid and stiff or gestural but flat. Once in place, we can then build on top of this base structure with more additional forms as shown here, here, in this ant leg, and even here in the context of a dog's leg (because this technique is still to be used throughout the next lesson as well).

So, be sure to look closer at your reference images (using high resolution images helps a lot with this), and identify the smaller forms that you can then build onto the structure, adhering to those principles of additive construction. When you do so, make sure that you break those forms into smaller pieces, so that instead of just enveloping one old form in a new one, you allow those forms to make as much direct contact as possible. It's that contact between the silhouette of your new form, and the original structure, that allows us to create a believable relationship between them in 3D space.

So! You are moving in the right direction, but there is some more room for improvement here. I'm going to assign a few pages of revision below.

Next Steps:

Please submit:

  • 1 page of organic forms with contour curves, being sure to employ simple sausage forms.

  • 3 pages of insect constructions, focusing on staying away from redrawing the silhouettes of your forms, avoiding overusing line weight, and focusing on building up your constructions additively, with each new component being its own 3D form.

When finished, reply to this critique with your revisions.
10:19 AM, Friday April 16th 2021
edited at 10:22 AM, Apr 16th 2021

Sorry its been a few days!

I won't provide self critiques in future I was not aware that it wasn't allowed and I understand why it was ignored. I have made another page of sausages and tried to keep their forms simple but I messed up one or two ends https://imgur.com/IElbiUO , as practice would it be helpful to draw some as two spheres and a tube to get a feel for that before attempting more sausages or will it just become better with active practice?

Here is a Rhinoceros Beetle https://imgur.com/Lrasx7m , I wanted to check that I had done both of these to a reasonable standard before doing the rest so I don't waste your time with lots of incorrect drawings. If not I will re-do whatever needs doing and then do the others. Or would you prefer if I did them ALL then have them looked at? If so then just let me know and I will do two more insects to the best of my ability and come back.

I have just read "when finished" so apologies I should have the two others finished tomorrow so ignore this until then!

edited at 10:22 AM, Apr 16th 2021
8:51 PM, Friday April 16th 2021

Yeah, students should definitely be submitting their work only when the assigned workload is completed. We're able to provide feedback at as low a price as we can partially because the student does have to take a bit more risk that they're just going to repeat the same mistakes if they don't understand the feedback entirely, rather than having it pointed out immediately.

Since I'm here, I will point out a couple quick points:

  • Reserve your filled areas of solid black for cast shadows only. Do not employ form shading (this was discussed back in lesson 2).

  • I strongly recommend you draw on larger paper, ideally printer paper and not a sketchbook. Anything that causes you to draw smaller will impede your brain's capacity to think through those spatial problems. You seemed to be using printer paper before, so stick with that.

  • Right now it looks like you're going back over a lot of your drawing to add line weight. Line weight should only be added at the end, and only to limited, localized areas, to clarify how specific forms overlap. Don't use it all over to reinforce silhouettes of objects/forms. I recommend you take a look at this lobster demo to see the process I'm using for my whole drawing - drawing everything with roughly the same kind of pressure/weight, and only adding additional line weight at the end.

7:17 PM, Saturday April 17th 2021

Okay here are the last two of the three.

https://imgur.com/PbjXiNY - Ant

https://imgur.com/rxClXsa - Crab

Sorry if I wasn't meant to add texture, the Crab was very... "bubbly" and it didn't look right without it.

I have re-linked the sausage and first picture here so you don't have to dark back between comments when looking at it all if you needed to check them again.

https://imgur.com/IElbiUO - Sausages

https://imgur.com/Lrasx7m - Beetle

The shaded area of the beetle was actually all cast shadows as the references images showed the shell casting a dark shade on the entire body beneath it as the shell overhangs quite a bit. Is there a better way I could have portrayed that without "colouring in" the body with shadows?

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